Borrowing
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Borrowings can only be made when there are assets available to be borrowed. The borrow interest rate is a variable factor that is dependent on the utilization rate i.e. demand and supply, with all borrowings secured in an over-collateralized manner.
In order to borrow assets, users must lock up some other assets as collateral. Otherwise, users can just flee with the borrowed assets without returning them, resulting in bad debt.
A simple analogy on how this works is that to borrow money from the bank, you may need to pledge your car or house as collateral.
For capital efficiency, Demex uses a system where assets being lent out can also be used as collateral for borrowing, creating room for “double usage”. The collateral collected therefore do not simply sit in a vault but also actively earn a yield via lending APR.
This means that assets deposited in the CDP module will return a receipt, which:
Can be accepted as collateral for borrowing (or )
Allows you to increase capital efficiency while still carrying out your yield farming activities
Since a single user can lend out multiple types of assets at once, it follows that a user can also use multiple assets as collateral to back their borrowings. Given one or more collateral assets, users can borrow one or more types of assets at the same time (multiple borrowings).
When a collateralized borrow happens, the user is said to enter a Collateralized Debt Position (CDP), as they have adopted debt (i.e. they have borrowed with an obligation to return) that is collaterized by assets they have pledged (i.e. the collateral will be seized if the position is no longer viable). In TradFi, collateralized debt is more commonly known as “secured debt”.
For the CDP system to work properly, the total value of all the locked collateral needs to be more than the total value of the borrowed assets. Otherwise, the borrower can simply sell the borrowed assets and pocket the difference in value as profits.
However, even if this condition was being met when the user opened the loan, it may quickly not hold true as the value of the borrowed or collateralized assets changes with their market price.
The Loan to Value (”LTV”) ratio specifies the maximum amount of assets that can be borrowed with a specific collateral.
It is expressed as a percentage. For example, at LTV = 75%, for every 1 ETH worth of collateral, borrowers can borrow 0.75 ETH worth of the corresponding currency.
Each asset has its own LTV.
LTV evolves with market conditions and is a variable parameter that can be adjusted via Carbon Governance.
On Demex, each asset is given an LTV based on how volatile it is estimated to be. More volatile assets need lower LTVs for a larger buffer against potentially greater price fluctuations.
The loan value that can still be taken out for a given collateralized position is also known as its “Borrowing Power”.
If market prices continue to move against the lender (e.g. collateral value drops more than loan value OR loan value increases to more than collateral value), the same issue will eventually occur (i.e. user’s borrowings become under-collateralized).
In TradFi, this is normally triggered by a “margin call”, where the borrower is issued a call to deliver more collateral to the lender. If the borrower does not meet this call within the pre-agreed timeframe, they are considered to be in default, and the collateral is liquidated by the lender so that they are made whole. The lender can also use legal means to attempt further clawback of assets if the liquidated collateral’s value turns out to still be short (”deficit”) of the borrowed value.
The Health Factor (HF) is a numeric representation of the safety of your deposited assets against the borrowed assets and their underlying value. The higher the value is, the safer the state of your funds is against a liquidation scenario, and the lower the risk of the borrower defaulting on their loan. If the Health Factor reaches 1, the liquidation of your deposits will be triggered.
The Health Factor is calculated as the weighted average of the Liquidation Thresholds of the borrowed assets and their value:
Click on 'Borrowable Assets' under the 'Assets' dropdown in the navbar.
Find and select the specific asset you wish to view.
To avoid this situation, the initial required collateral (“initial margin”) must always be somewhat more than the amount that is being borrowed. This is also known as the (LTV) of the asset.
For Demex, a similar scheme is supported, except that the liquidation levels need to be monitored by the borrowers themselves. This is made easier with the introduction of a value.
When HF < 1, the position can be to maintain the solvency of the protocol.
You can view the parameters for each borrowable asset on :
