Liquidation Engine
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Demex has an on-chain liquidation mechanism to liquidate derivatives positions that are at risk of going brankrupt (i.e. become insolvent). This ensures that their profitable counterparties receive the appropriate payouts.
During liquidation, the protocol's Liquidation Engine takes over the liquidated position to close it at the best possible price on the open market.
Additionally, Demex has an that avoids socialized losses, as well as an to maintain market continuity even in black swan events. When a position is closed at a favorable price, the surplus funds are transferred to the on-chain Insurance Fund. Conversely, if the position is closed at a loss, the Insurance Fund is first used to absorb the losses.
If the Insurance Fund is insufficient to manage the deficit, the ADL system takes over, deleveraging opposing positions in order of profit and leverage, socializing losses among the most profitable traders. This means that positions that are the most profitable and have a high level of leverage will be the first to undergo deleveraging.
When a position’s allocated margin is less than its required maintenance margin, the position is deemed to be at risk of bankruptcy and therefore liable for liquidation.
The required maintenance margin of a linear futures position is given by:
For more details, see the section.
Liquidators are external actors who monitor the level of liquidation risk associated with each position. They broadcast liquidation messages to notify the chain when a risky position needs to be liquidated.
It's important to note that a position can only be liquidated when a liquidation message containing the position ID (MsgInitiateLiquidation) is broadcast by a liquidator.
When a valid liquidation message is received, existing orders that might increase the size of the risky position are first cancelled.
The liquidation engine then attempts to reduce the position's risk by submitting a Fill-or-Kill order at the position’s bankruptcy price for the calculated quantity. If there is insufficient liquidity on the order book to execute this order fully, a full liquidation will occur, as the position would remain at risk otherwise.
When a liquidated position is taken over by the on-chain liquidation engine, any remaining margin within that position is transferred to the liquidation engine.
The position is then disposed of by the liquidation engine in amalgamated blocks of liquidation orders.
Each liquidation order is first quoted at the bankruptcy price of the position, which is the closing price that renders the amalgamated position to be worth $0.
Any profits earned, due to existing orders on the order book matching the liquidation order at a price more favourable than the bankruptcy price, is transferred to the Insurance Fund.
If the liquidation order does not fill immediately, the order is aggressed every 5 seconds by making the order price progressively worse (such that it is more attractive to fill). Any shortfall caused by the unfavourable closing price is covered by the Insurance Fund.
In the event that the liquidation order remains unfilled on the order book for a certain duration, which is defined by MaxLiquidationOrderDuration, auto-deleveraging will be initiated to force the closure of the liquidation engine’s outstanding position.
The insurance fund is shared by all markets.
Demex uses an Auto-Deleveraging (ADL) system as its margining approach for derivative instruments, as an evolution to the “Socialised Loss” system.
The Socialised Loss system has some drawbacks:
A single risky trader can cause significant losses for all traders, including low-risk ones.
Profits must be locked until rebalancing or settlement occurs, in case of a loss.
The ADL system addresses these issues by resolving loss uncertainty, allowing traders to make timely decisions when a deleveraging event occurs, instead of having to wait for rebalancing or settlement to occur.
If (i) liquidation orders cannot be filled in a timely manner, or (ii) there are insufficient funds in the Insurance Fund to cover the shortfall, the ADL system will start to deleverage opposing positions in order of profit and leverage, socializing losses among only the most profitable positions.
The positions with the highest profit and leverage are closed out first (in order of ranking) until the initially liquidated position is fully closed. The price at which a profitable positions are closed out is the bankruptcy price of the liquidation order.
The priority for deleveraging is determined by the profit earned and leverage set by traders, where those who are more profitable and have higher leverage are deleveraged first
The ranking calculation is as follows:
The system splits the positions into longs and shorts and arranges them in descending order of rank (e.g. from highest to lowest), such that positions with higher ranks are deleveraged first.
Suppose there are six long positions in the system, and their effective leveraged PnL score has been calculated. Note that a higher PnL Ranking corresponds to a higher effective leveraged PnL.
1
10
3
2
10
6
3
20
1
4
30
4
5
20
5
6
10
2
The system then ranks these positions based on their scores, from highest score to lowest score:
2
10
6
5
20
5
4
30
4
1
10
3
6
10
2
3
20
1
In the case of a liquidation, the system will prioritize deleveraging the higher-ranked positions first.
Let’s consider a short position that has been liquidated with a size of 20 and a bankruptcy price of $650. In this case, Positions 2 and 5 will be deleveraged at the bankruptcy price of $650.
Position 2 will have its entire position of 10 contracts closed, while the remaining 10 contracts from the liquidated short position will be assigned to Position 5.
As a result, Position 5 will have 10 contracts remaining out of its original 20 contracts.
Since margin requirements increase as position size grows (due to the market parameter), to lower the margin requirements of larger positions, they may be partially liquidated to reduce their risk.
The minimum quantity of the position that needs to be reduced such that it meets the , is first calculated.
The liquidation engine's maximum order size is defined by MaxLiquidationOrderTicket. To reduce the impact on the market's , larger positions are split up into multiple orders.
The above parameters are specific to each market and are automatically defined when a futures (perpetuals) market is created; You can check out an example of this on .
The address of the insurance fund can be found .